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PSY173 Introduction To Psychological Research Methods
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PSY173 Introduction To Psychological Research Methods
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Course Code: PSY173
University: Murdoch University
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Country: Australia
Question:
The IT community often uses the term “business process” as synonymous with the management of middleware processes; or as synonymous with integrating application software tasks. Business process management (BPM) is a systematic approach to making an organization’s workflow more effective, more efficient and more capable of adapting to an ever-changing environment. A business process is an activity or set of activities that will accomplish a specific organizational goal. The goal of BPM is to reduce human error and miscommunication and focus stakeholders on the requirements of their roles. BPM is a subset of infrastructure management, an administrative area concerned with maintaining and optimizing an organization’s equipment and core operations. This unit is an elective unit in the BBUS program.
Unit Learning Outcomes (ULOs) On successful completion of this unit, students will be able to:
Demonstrate an understanding of the relationships between processes, information technology, and business practices and activities.
Describe the major functions performed by information systems.
Define and give examples of business processes and transaction cycles.
Demonstrate the ability to map and document information systems.
Demonstrate an understanding of how organisations acquire and deploy information systems.
Identify and assess some of the contemporary ethical issues related to the development and use of information systems.
Cognitive and technical skills to facilitate problem solving and critical thinking in a business environment, and to present reasoned arguments and analyses of key business and technical data.
Communication skills to work effectively with people and teams and to present clear and coherent information in business, professional and academic formats.
Through the identification, implementation, and evaluation of innovative and professional business practice.
The main objective in this context of discussion is regarding the usage of the AIS in the organization and banking sector. Some of the objectives for the discussion are-
Identification of the major functions performed by AIS
Identification of the business and transactional life cycle.
Identification of the way that can be used in the deployment of the AIS.
Identification of ethical issues those are related to the deployment.
Answer:
Independent variable: Lead level in blood
Dependent variable: Standardised development score
The dependent variable is the standardised development score as it is impacted by the extent of presence of lead in blood since higher levels of lead are expected to lead to cognitive impairment.
The completed table is indicated as follows.
Mean, standard deviation and standard error of lead level and development scores is computed and is shown below.
Computation of mean
For development score
Computation of standard deviation (SD)
For Lead
For development score
Computation of standard error of the mean (SE)
For Lead
For development score
Final table
Lead level mean = 10 mg/dl
Development discrepancy score mean = 0
For lead
Degree of freedom df =n-1 =20-1 = 19
Probability level (level of significance) =0.05
Critical value of (two tailed) = +/- 2.093
For development
Degree of freedom df =n-1 =20-1 = 19
Probability level (level of significance) =0.05
Critical value of (two tailed) = +/- 2.093
(e) The t test with regards to recommended maximum is not significant as the population average is not expected to significantly differ from that amount. Also, with regards to development, the t test results are significant implying significant deviation from normal development when lead level in the blood is zero.
(f) The above t tests indicate that the average lead level does no exceed the maximum permissible lead level. However, it is also indicated that the lead level in the blood is significant which is expected to have a significant adverse impact on the children development. This is apparent from the comparison of mean lead levels to expected lead level of 0 for normal development (Hair et. al., 2015).
(g) Scatter plot
(h) Pearson’s r (Correlation coefficient) in relation to the association between blood lead level and development discrepancy scores.
Degree of freedom df =n-2 =20-2 =18
i) It is apparent that the correlation coefficient is significant since the computed value does not lie in the critical value interval defined above.
j) The correlation coefficient is negative and also the scatter plot suggests a negative slope to the best fit line. This implies that there is a negative relationship between the given variables. As a result, the lead level and development score would move in opposite direction. This is on expected lines considering the fact that development score would be lower for children with higher levels of lead in their blood (Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2015).
However, the value of correlation coefficient is 0.5 which is indicative that the relationship between the given variables is moderate in strength only. This clearly outlines the fact that there are other variables besides, lead level in blood which would drive the development score. This is evident from the example of four different participants who all have the lead level in their blood 10 and tend to show development scores of -5, -9, -10, -18. Thus, for a particular value of lead level in the blood, the development scores are different which may be on account of differential cognitive skills of the four participants. Hence, it is imperative to consider these variables when estimate of development score is carried out (Flick, 2015).
k) The given study would be termed as a correlational research study. There are various methodological advantages of this type of study. These are indicated as follows (Hillier, 2016).
The extent of data collected in the study is significant higher than an experiment based study. This is because the researcher does not need to control any variable and thereby participants can be easily available. Higher data typically would imply higher precision and hence a strength.
Considering that the study is not limited to a laboratory environment but takes place in actual environment, it implies that these results would have greater utility in practical life.
The given study enables the determination of strength and nature of the causal relationship between the given variables with accuracy. This can be then used by other studies in the future as the starting point of research.
The results obtained can lead to future researches with the objective of explaining the relationship that was observed between the given variables.
l) The various methodological weaknesses of the given study are indicated as follows (Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2015).
The key issue is that the correlation analysis is used to derive the relationship between the variables. However, despite presence of significant correlation, it does not imply that there is a causal relationship between the two variables. Regression analysis is a more useful tool in this regards. Also, it is possible that the apparent correlation between the two variables may be driven by a third variable which may be acting as a cofactor. As a result, further research would be required in order to derive a more meaningful relationship.
Since the sample is not controlled like in a experiment, hence it is quite possible that dependent variables may be impacted by extraneous variables since there is no control. For instance, in the given study variables such as gender, education level, income level fo parents and intelligence of children may all be relevant factors which have not been accounted for thereby lowering the reliability of the result obtained.
References
Eriksson, P. and Kovalainen, A. (2015) Quantitative methods in business research. 3rd ed. London: Sage Publications.
Flick, U. (2015) Introducing research methodology: A beginner’s guide to doing a research project. 4th ed. New York: Sage Publications.
Hair, J. F., Wolfinbarger, M., Money, A. H., Samouel, P., and Page, M. J. (2015) Essentials of business research methods. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
Hillier, F. (2016) Introduction to Operations Research. 6th ed. New York: McGraw Hill Publications.
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