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92296 Epidemiology And Population Health

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92296 Epidemiology And Population Health

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Course Code: 92296
University: University Of Technology Sydney

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Country: Australia

Question:
a) Calculate the crude death rates for Australia and Saudi Arabia. Interpret the rates.  b) Calculate the age-specific death rates to complete Tables 1 and 2. Give an example of your working.  c) Graph the age-specific death rates for Australia and Saudi Arabia using an appropriate graph. Comment on the graph. 
d) Use the data in Table 1 (including the information you have added) and your graph from c) to describe the main features of cancer deaths in Australia in 2012. Include relevant data from the completed table and graph to illustrate the points you make.
Answer:
Crude death rates for Australia  
Crude death rates for Saudi Arabia
From the computations, we found the crude death rate for Australia in 2012 to be 187.5312 persons per 100,000 while that for Saudi Arabia was 31.4030 persons per 100,000. It can be observed that the crude death rate in Australia is by far higher than that of Saudi Arabia. Actually it is almost six times more for Australia as compared to Saudi Arabia.
Part b)
Completed tables

Crude and age-specific death rates due to cancer, Australia 2012

Age group

Deaths

Total population

Death rate per 100000 Population

0-14

83

4293707

1.933061571

15-39

618

7986708

7.737856448

40-44

486

1573829

30.88010197

45-49

1017

1574299

64.60018078

50-54

1775

1541187

115.1709689

55-59

2687

1429322

187.9912294

60-64

4090

1304820

313.4531966

65-69

5174

1130258

457.7715884

70-74

5717

871194

656.2258234

75+

21756

1439087

1511.791851

Total

43403

23144411

187.5312

 

Crude and age-specific death rates due to cancer, Saudi Arabia 2012

Age group (years)

Deaths

Total Population

Death rate per 100,000 population

0-14

543

8,134,561

6.6752

15-39

932

13,600,843

6.8525

40-44

426

2,261,777

18.8347

45-49

540

1,709,816

31.5823

50-54

774

1,200,372

64.4800

55-59

1,084

812,708

133.3812

60-64

1,089

505,266

215.5300

65-69

1,102

328,827

335.1306

70-74

880

239,961

366.7263

75+

1,764

292,226

603.6424

TOTAL

9,134

29,086,357

31.4030

Part c)
From the graph it can clearly be seen that there is an increase in the crude death rate as the age increases and this is true for both the two countries. As can be seen also, there is a sharp increase in the rate especially when the age goes to 75 years of age.
Part d)
Main features of the graph and the table are;

Both the two countries present similar trends in terms of the crude death rate as a result of cancer. However, Crude death rate is much higher in Australia as compared to Saudi Arabia
There is very low crude death rate due to cancer for persons aged 0-14 and 15-39. This is true for both the two countries
An all high rate is observed for persons aged 75+ for both the countries. This means crude death rate as a result of cancer is quite high among the aged persons.
Australia has close to six times more deaths as a result of cancer as compared to Saudi Arabia.

 

Par a)
The formula for the direct ae-standardized death rate is given as follows;
Where
Calculation of age-standardized death rate due to Cancer for Australia in 2012

Age Group (years)

CDR due to Cancer (Australia) ()

World Standard Population ()

 

0-14

1.9331

261,409

505,319.69

15-39

7.7379

393,661

3,046,092.31

40-44

30.8801

65,877

2,034,288.48

45-49

64.6002

60,379

3,900,494.32

50-54

115.1710

53,681

6,182,492.78

55-59

187.9912

45,484

8,550,593.08

60-64

313.4532

37,187

11,656,384.02

65-69

457.7716

29,590

13,545,461.30

70-74

656.2258

22,092

14,497,340.89

75+

1511.7919

30,640

46,321,302.33

Total

187.5312

1,000,000

110,239,769.19

Directly Age-Standardized Death Rate due to Cancer for Australia in 2012,
Therefore the age-standardized death rate as a result of cancer for Australia in 2012 is 110.240 per persons 100,000 population.
Calculation of age-standardized death rate due to Cancer for Saudi Arabia in 2012

Age Group (years)

CDR due to Cancer (Australia) ()

World Standard Population ()

 

0-14

6.6752

261,409

1,744,963.09

15-39

6.8525

393,661

2,697,568.47

40-44

18.8347

65,877

1,240,776.70

45-49

31.5823

60,379

1,906,910.45

50-54

64.4800

53,681

3,461,351.48

55-59

133.3812

45,484

6,066,712.28

60-64

215.5300

37,187

8,014,915.51

65-69

335.1306

29,590

9,916,515.37

70-74

366.7263

22,092

8,101,716.53

75+

603.6424

30,640

18,495,602.72

Total

31.4030

1,000,000

61,647,032.59

Directly Age-Standardized Death Rate due to Cancer for Saudi Arabia in 2012,
Therefore the age-standardized death rate as a result of cancer for Saudi Arabia in 2012 is 61.647 persons per 100,000 population.
Part b)
The following findings were noted in the calculations;

We observed that the CDR for Australia was 187.5312 per 100,000 persons while that of Saudi Arabia was 31.4030 per 100,000 persons.
The directly age-standardized death rate for Australia was found to be 110.240 per 100,000 persons while that of Saudi Arabia was 61.647 per 100,000 persons.

Discussion
The CDR for Australia was by far higher than the Age-Standardized death rate. A drastic reduction was noted which however was not the case for Saudi Arabia. The Saudi Arabian case is different in the sense that the CDR is less than the Age-Standardized death rate. This means that risk of deaths as a result of cancer are minimized in Australia when Age-Standardized death rate is applied but the risk is kind of doubled for Saudi Arabian case
The 15-39 age category has the biggest populace in both the nations. However, the populace in the age 15-39 age category has varieties in both the nations. As the populace for age aggregate over 15-39 in Australia is equitably distributed with the exception of age group 70-74, the same can’t be said valid for Saudi Arabia. The populace for age category over 15-39 for Saudi Arabia begins to go down. It is because of this that CDR can’t feature the exact risk of death when looking at both the nations. Likewise, the standard populace has a more youthful populace and the demise rate is considerably higher in senior age groups.
Question 2
1.
Calculation of Risk Ratio
Incidence Proportion in Low Birthweight
Incidence Proportion in Normal Birthweight  
From the above, we can observe that the risk ratio is 18.9593 times
2.
The absolute difference in incidence of infant mortality by birthweight category is calculated as given below;
Absolute difference of infant mortality by birthweight,
Thus there is a 11.225% likelihood of infant mortality at low birthweight as compared to the normal birthweight.
3.
Calculation of the proportion of deaths among low birthweight infants that would have not occurred in the absence of low birthweight
Attributable Fraction is calculated by the following formula,
This means that there is a 94.73% likelihood of infant mortality to arise from low birthweight..
The overall incidence of infant mortality is calculated as under:
The overall incidence of infant mortality is thus 0.014299 per birth (or 1429.9 per 100,000 births).
Calculation of incidence if there were no low birthweight births,
The overall incidence of infant mortality for the normal births is thus 0.006250 per birth (or 625 per 100,000 births).
Calculation of Population Attributable Risk
This implies that 804.9 infant mortality of the 1429.9 infant mortality per 100,000 births were attributed to low birthweights. This also means that 804.9 of the deaths in infants among the 1429.9 per 100,000 births can be prevented if they are normal birthweights.
Population Attributable Fraction,
Therefore the calculated Population Attributable Risk Fraction is 56.29%. This value implies that 56.29% of Infant Mortality can be attached to low birthweight. Also, the 56.29% of infant mortality can be prevented if the birth can be normal birthweight.
Question 3
The table 5 can be labelled as:

Smoking

HPV Status

Total

Positive

Negative

Yes

42 (a)

90 (b)

132 (a+b)

No

146 (c)

481 (d)

627 (c+d)

Total

188

571

759

Risk Ratio between smoking and HPV status,
The Risk Ratio between smoking and HPV status is 1.3664.
This means that the smokers are 1.3664 times more likely to develop HPV as compared to non-smokers..
The table 6 can be labelled as:

<2 lifetime sexual partners Smoking HPV Status Total Positive Negative Yes 31 (a) 124 (b) 155 (a+b) No 78 (c) 437 (d) 515 (c+d) Total 109 561 670 Risk Ratio between Smoking and HPV Status having <2 lifetime partners Therefore, smokers who have <2 lifetime sexual partners are 1.3205 times more likely to develop HPV as compared to non-smokers who have <2 lifetime sexual partners. ≥2 lifetime sexual partners Smoking HPV Status Total Positive Negative Yes 11 (a) 22 (b) 33 (a+b) No 12 (c) 44 (d) 56 (c+d) Total 23 66 89 Risk Ratio between Smoking and HPV Status having ≥2 lifetime partners Therefore, smokers who have ≥2 lifetime sexual partners are 1.5556 times more likely to develop HPV as compared to the non-smokers who have ≥2 lifetime sexual partners. The number of lifetime sexual partner is an effect modifier since as can be seen, the risk ratio between Smoking and HPV Status having ≥2 lifetime partners is greater (Risk ratio = 1.56) than the risk ratio between Smoking and HPV Status having <2 lifetime partners (Risk ration = 1.32). This means that the more the number of lifetime sexual partners the higher the risk of developing HPV among the smokers. Free Membership to World's Largest Sample Bank To View this & another 50000+ free samples. Please put your valid email id. E-mail Yes, alert me for offers and important updates Submit  Download Sample Now Earn back the money you have spent on the downloaded sample by uploading a unique assignment/study material/research material you have. After we assess the authenticity of the uploaded content, you will get 100% money back in your wallet within 7 days. UploadUnique Document DocumentUnder Evaluation Get Moneyinto Your Wallet Total 5 pages PAY 3 USD TO DOWNLOAD *The content must not be available online or in our existing Database to qualify as unique. Cite This Work To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: APA MLA Harvard OSCOLA Vancouver My Assignment Help. (2020). Epidemiology And Population Health. Retrieved from https://myassignmenthelp.com/free-samples/92296-epidemiology-and-population-health/risk-ratio.html. "Epidemiology And Population Health." My Assignment Help, 2020, https://myassignmenthelp.com/free-samples/92296-epidemiology-and-population-health/risk-ratio.html. My Assignment Help (2020) Epidemiology And Population Health [Online]. Available from: https://myassignmenthelp.com/free-samples/92296-epidemiology-and-population-health/risk-ratio.html[Accessed 18 December 2021]. My Assignment Help. 'Epidemiology And Population Health' (My Assignment Help, 2020) accessed 18 December 2021.

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